We discuss implications of these findings for effective long-term management of elevated radium in both solid and liquid wastes. The activity of Ra-226 sequestered in the precipitated solid sulfate fractions is positively correlated with the Sr/Ba ratio of the wastewater-AMD solution. When the liquid portion of the wastewater was treated by mixing with acid mine drainage (AMD), which contained high sulfate concentrations, approximately 80–97% of the total Ra-226 in the mixture solution is found in the insoluble sulfate fraction of the precipitate. Using a sequential extraction procedure, we found that, without treatment, more than 50% of Ra-226 in the suspended solids was associated with soluble salts and readily exchangeable fractions. Finding optimal treatment methods of both the solid and the liquid fractions requires a thorough understanding of potential Ra mobility from both the raw suspended solids and mineral precipitates formed during treatment. The solids are typically disposed in landfills while the liquids are further treated, recycled for future hydraulic fracturing, or disposed via injection wells. These high concentrations often require special treatment in which the solid and liquid portions are separated and then independently treated prior to disposal. Together, these results show, for the first time, an efficient association between alpha and beta therapies, which could become a promising tool in the control of tumor progression.Īlpha–beta therapy bone cancer nanomicelles radioactive gold nanoparticles radium-223 dichloride.High concentrations of barium (Ba), strontium (Sr) and radium (Ra) are present in both the liquid and suspended solid portions of wastewater produced from hydraulic fracturing. We observed a significant increase in tumor cell death using combined alpha and beta therapy in the same formulation, compared with these components used alone. Furthermore, nanomicelles were tested in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Ra nanomicelles co-loaded with AuNPs, with simultaneous alpha and beta emission, showed no instability, a mean particle size of 296 nm, and a PDI of 0.201 (☐.096). For this, we synthesize and characterize nanomicelles, as well as analyze some parameters, such as particle size, radioactivity emission, dynamic light scattering, and microscopic atomic force. In this context, this study aims to analyze the antitumoral effects of Ra nanomicelles co-loaded with radioactive gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Nanotechnology, including several radioactive nanoparticles, can be safely and effectively used in cancer treatment. Radium-223 ( 223Ra), an alpha emitter, promotes localized cytotoxic effects, while radioactive gold ( 198Au), beta-type energy, reduces radiation in the surrounding tissues. 7 Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil.Īlpha and beta particulate radiation are used for non-treated neoplasia, due to their ability to reach and remain in tumor sites. 6 Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
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